Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the infectious diseases that has infected nearly one-third of the world's population, with many facing difficulties in its control due to a significant number of patients who do not achieve a cure. This is attributed to the challenge of pinpointing the factors that could serve as the primary causes. This study aims to predict the dominant factors contributing to the occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Methods: This analytical observational study applied a case-control study design. A total of 30 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were included as the case group, and healthy individuals without clinical symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis were put as the control group. Data analysis used the Chi-Square test and binary logistic regression.
Results: The research findings indicate a significant correlation between housing density (p=0.020<0.05), ventilation (p=0.009<0.05), room humidity (p=0,.000<0.05), lighting (p=0.002<0.05), type of flooring in the house (p=0.007<0.05) and smoking habits (p-value=0.001). The results of the multiple logistic regression analysis using the backward LR method indicate that room humidity (p-value=0.001<0.05) is the dominant factor in the occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Conclusion: The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis is higher among smokers living in homes with overcrowding, inadequate humidity and lighting, and dirt or wood floors. Room humidity plays a significant role in the development of pulmonary tuberculosis. Therefore, providing education on how to maintain and pay attention to the physical condition of the home is crucial to avoid the occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
- 1. Suárez I, Fünger SM, Kröger S, et al. The diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. Dtsch Aerzteblatt Int; 116. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2019.0729
- 2. Pebriyani U, Kurniati M. Tuberculosis. Gracias Logis Kreatif, 2021.
- 3. Iskandar D, Suwantika AA, Pradipta IS, et al. Clinical and economic burden of drug-susceptible tuberculosis in Indonesia: national trends 2017--19. Lancet Glob Heal 2023; 11: e117--e125. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00455-7
- 4. Dafitri IA, Medison I, Mizarti D, et al. Laporan Kasus TB Paru Koinfeksi HIV/AIDS. J Kedokt Yars 2020; 28: 21–31. https://doi.org/10.33476/jky.v28i2.1420
- 5. Pratiwi RD, Pramono D, Junaedi J. Socio-economic and environmental risk factors of tuberculosis in wonosobo, central Java, Indonesia. J Kesehat Masy 2020; 16: 61–70. https://doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v16i1.12636
- 6. Chen X, Du L, Wu R, et al. Tuberculosis-related stigma and its determinants in Dalian, Northeast China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-10055-2
- 7. Rom WN, Rao A, Hoepner L, et al. A New Model of Learning: Environmental Health in a Global World. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20: 6146. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126146
- 8. Waksman SA. The conquest of tuberculosis. University of California Press, 2021.
- 9. Tesema T, Seyoum D, Ejeta E, et al. Determinants of tuberculosis treatment outcome under directly observed treatment short courses in Adama City, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15: e0232468. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232468
- 10. Moffa M, Cronk R, Fejfar D, et al. A systematic scoping review of environmental health conditions and hygiene behaviors in homeless shelters. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222: 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.12.004
- 11. Yuniar I, Wahyono A, Purnomo H. Relationship of House Building Materials, Lighting and Occupational Density to the Incidence of Tuberculosis. In: 3rd Borobudur International Symposium on Humanities and Social Science 2021 (BIS-HSS 2021). 2022, pp. 378–382. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-49-7_63
- 12. Lee J-Y, Kwon N, Goo G, et al. Inadequate housing and pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2022; 22: 622. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12879-6
- 13. Maina T, Willetts A, Ngari M, et al. Tuberculosis infection among youths in overcrowded university hostels in Kenya: a cross-sectional study. Trop Med Health 2021; 49: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-021-00391-3
- 14. Lolan YP, Permana IS, Akmal D. Relationship of environmental factors with the incidence of tuberculosis. Himal J Community Med Public Heal 2022; 3: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.33545/27074447.2022.v4.i1a.42
- 15. Nurany H, Raharjo M, Adi MS. Environmental quality factors with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis: A literature review. J Serambi Eng; 7. https://doi.org/10.32672/jse.v7i3.4351
- 16. Fadmi FR, others. The Correlation Between Individual Characteristics And Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis In Puuwatu Health Center, Kendari City: Individual Characteristict And Tuberculosis. Indones J Heal Sci Res Dev 2021; 3: 223–229. https://doi.org/10.36566/ijhsrd/vol3.iss1/80
- 17. Wulandari R, Budiyono B, Sulistiyani S, et al. The Relationship between Ventilation and Physical Quality of Houses with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Cases in the Working Area of Sragen Primary Healthcare Center, Sragen Regency. J Environ Health; 15. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v15i1.2023.76-83
- 18. Syamsuddin S, Ahmad H, Sahani W, et al. The Relationship between Housing Condition and Pulmonary Tuberculosis Disease in Baraya Village Bontoala Makassar, Indonesia. Indian J Forensic Med & Toxicol; 14. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.12172
- 19. Mohidem NA, Hashim Z, Osman M, et al. Environment as the risk factor for tuberculosis in Malaysia: a systematic review of the literature. Rev Environ Health 2021; 36: 493–499. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2020-0096
- 20. Chen Y, Peng WH, Lai SF, et al. Association of gene polymorphisms and environmental factors in tuberculosis patients and their household contacts. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115: 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traa076
- 21. Wang W, Guo W, Cai J, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis and effects of meteorological factors and air pollutants on tuberculosis in Shijiazhuang, China: A distribution lag non-linear analysis. Environ Res 2021; 195: 110310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110310
- 22. Jannah RZ, Azizah R, Jalaludin JB, et al. Meta-Analysis Study: Environmental Risk Factors of Tuberculosis (TB). J Env Heal; 15. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v15i2.2023.84-91
- 23. Fadmi FR. The Risk of Knowledge, Smoking and Patient’s Contact on Tuberculosis Disease in Puuwatu Health Centre in Kendari City: The Risks of Tuberculosis Disease. Indones J Heal Sci Res Dev 2020; 2: 46–53. https://doi.org/10.36566/ijhsrd/vol2.iss1/13
- 24. Amere GA, Nayak P, Salindri AD, et al. Contribution of smoking to tuberculosis incidence and mortality in high-tuberculosis-burden countries. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187: 1846–1855. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy081
- 25. Quan DH, Kwong AJ, Hansbro PM, et al. No smoke without fire: the impact of cigarette smoking on the immune control of tuberculosis. Eur Respir Rev; 31. https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0252-2021
- 26. Wang EY, Arrazola RA, Mathema B, et al. The impact of smoking on tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2020; 24: 170–175. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.19.0002
- 27. Kia NS, Zavareh MN, Sarkheil E, et al. Prevalence of biologic, behavioral and psychosocial determinant of tuberculosis in tuberculosis patients of Semnan city; a five-year cross-sectional study. J Prev Epidemiol 2020; 5: e24--e24. https://doi.org/10.34172/jpe.2020.24
- 28. Mukono HJ. Indoor air pollution: a public health focus. Airlangga University Press, 2014.
- 29. Muhammad AJ, Lestari P, Widodo ADW. The Ventilation-to-area Ratio and House Lighting Relate to the Incidence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Althea Med J 2020; 7: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.15850/amj.v7n1.1821
- 30. Wolkoff P, Azuma K, Carrer P. Health, work performance, and risk of infection in office-like environments: The role of indoor temperature, air humidity, and ventilation. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 233: 113709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113709
- 31. Huang K, Hu C-Y, Yang X-Y, et al. Contributions of ambient temperature and relative humidity to the risk of tuberculosis admissions: A multicity study in Central China. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838: 156272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156272
- 32. Fahdhienie F, Mudatsir M, Abidin TF, et al. Risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis in Indonesia: A case-control study in a high disease prevalence region. Narra J 2024; 4: e943--e943. https://doi.org/10.52225/narra.v4i2.943
- 33. Tanjung R, Mahyuni EL, Tanjung N, et al. The spatial distribution of pulmonary tuberculosis in Kabanjahe District, Karo regency, Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021; 9: 817–822. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6808
- 34. Xu M, Li Y, Liu B, et al. Temperature and humidity associated with increases in tuberculosis notifications: a time-series study in Hong Kong. Epidemiol & Infect 2021; 149: e8. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268820003040.