Article Sidebar

Submitted
Aug 14, 2025
Accepted
Oct 13, 2025
Published
Dec 24, 2025
Download
pdf
Statistic
Read Counter : 0 Download : 0

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

Background:


The Hajj pilgrimage is an annual religious activity carried out at specific times, locations, and activities, attended by millions of Muslims from around the world (mass gathering). Indonesia, as the country with the largest number of Hajj pilgrims, faces serious challenges in terms of relatively high pilgrim mortality rates each year. Data indicates that the mortality rate of Indonesian Hajj pilgrims peaking at 3.38‰ in 2023. Pilgrim deaths are influenced by various factors, including individual factors, factors related to the the Hajj, and environmental factors. This study aims to identify the factors influencing mortality among Indonesian hajj pilgrims during the Hajj pilgrimage period from 2022 to 2024.


Methods: This cross-sectional study consisted of 1,686 samples from the Hajj Health Center data source, Indonesian Ministry of Health (SISKOHATKES SHAR'I) and environmental data from NASA POWER.


Results: The determinants of death with p<0.05 were age, gender, history of anemia, history of hypertension, high-risk health status, and history of chronic respiratory disease. The individual level was the most significant contributor to the outcome, accounting for 75,29%.


Conclusion: Knowing the determinants of pilgrim mortality enables health education to be implemented from the first health examination and can also be carried out in collaboration with the Hajj Organizing Agency through the existing KBIH.

Keywords

Hajj mortality Mass gathering Multilevel analysis

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

How to Cite
Pramita, W., Djafri, D., & Putri , A. S. E. (2025). MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS OF DETERMINANT OF DEATH OF INDONESIAN HAJJ PILGRIMS 2022-2024: DETERMINANT OF DEATH OF INDONESIAN HAJJ PILGRIMS. INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (IJHSRD), 7(2), 151–160. https://doi.org/10.36566/ijhsrd/Vol7.Iss2/334

References

  1. 1. Sarwat A. Haji Rukun Islam Kelima. Ibadah Haji Rukun Islam Kelima 2019;1(2):16–66.
  2. 2. Rahman J, Thu M, Arshad N, Van der Putten M. Mass Gatherings and Public Health: Case Studies from the Hajj to Mecca. Ann Glob Heal [Internet] 2017;83(2):386–93. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2016.12.001
  3. 3. CDC. Mass Gatherings. CDC Yellow B 2024 2024;
  4. 4. Febriyanti N, Adisasmita AC, Kunci K, Massa K, Haji Pendahuluan J, Magister Epidemiologi P. Epidemiology Trend of Mortality in Hajj Pilgrims (2017-2023). J Epidemiol Kesehat Indones 2023;7(2):85–91.
  5. 5. Direktorat Jenderal Penyelenggaraan Haji dan Umrah. 461 Jemaah Haji Wafat Hingga Akhir Operasional Haji 2024 [Internet]. 2024;Available from: https://haji.kemenag.go.id/v5/detail/461-jemaah-haji-wafat-hingga-akhir-operasional-haji-2024-berikut-daftarnya#:~:text=Dari 461 jemaah yang wafat, meninggal di Makkah (353).
  6. 6. Pusat Kesehatan Haji Kemenkes RI. Laporan Kinerja Tahun 2022 Pusat Kesehatan Haji. Pus Kesehat Haji Kementeri Kesehat RI [Internet] 2023;89. Available from: http://www.nber.org/papers/w16019
  7. 7. Fleck A. Hajj Deaths : Tragedies In Mecca are Far From Rare. 2024;https://www.statista.com/chart/3834/tragedies-in-m.
  8. 8. Kementrian Kesehatan RI. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2023. 2024.
  9. 9. Pane M, Kong FYM, Purnama TB, Glass K, Imari S, Samaan G, et al. Indonesian Hajj cohorts and mortality in Saudi Arabia from 2004 to 2011. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2019;9(1):11–8.
  10. 10. Groenewegen PP. Multilevel Modeling for Public Health [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-34801-4
  11. 11. Sakanti A, Helda H. Determinan Kejadian Kesakitan dan Kematian Jemaah Haji Tahun 2023/1444 H (Analisis Data Siskohatkes Shar’i). Prepotif J Kesehat Masy [Internet] 2024;8(1):1153–60. Available from: http://journal.universitaspahlawan.ac.id/index.php/prepotif/article/view/26662
  12. 12. Rahman MA. Analisis Faktor Risiko Kejadian Kematian Akibat Penyakit Kardiovaskular Jemaah Haji Indonesia Tahun 2023. J Biostat Kependudukan, dan Inform Kesehat 2024;4(3):154–69.
  13. 13. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Permenkes Nomor 15 Tahun 2016 tentang Istithaah Kesehatan Jemaah Haji [Internet]. 2016;Available from: http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/monografias/GEBIS - RJ/RBG/RBG 1995 v57_n1.pdf%0Ahttps://periodicos.ufpe.br/revistas/rbgfe/article/view/234295
  14. 14. Liani PS, Machmud PB. Risk Factors for Respiratory Death Among Indonesian Pilgrims in 2018. J Berk Epidemiol 2020;8(1):57.
  15. 15. Lanier Brian J et al. Nutritional support in elderly patients. Am Fam Physician 2018;4(1):25–7.
  16. 16. Ardiana M, Utami ER, Al Farabi MJ, Azmi Y. The Impact of Classical Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Hospitalization and Mortality among Hajj Pilgrims. Sci World J 2023;2023.
  17. 17. Yezli S et al. Prevalence of Diabetes and Hypertension Among Hajj Pilgrims: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;16(3):1221–8.
  18. 18. Yezli S, Khan AH, Yassin YM, Khan AA, Alotaibi BM, Bouchama A. Association of Ambient Temperature with Mortality in Resident and Multiethnic Transient Populations in a Desert Climate, 2006–2014. Environ Health Perspect 2023;131(4):1–7.
  19. 19. Mahmoud Abdalgader Gaddoury by M, Haroutune Armenian PK, Background C. Epidemiology of Mortality of the Hajj Pilgrimage: Analysis for Potential Intervention. 2019;Available from: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/62f1c84r.